Locus of discussion about the arrival of Islam in Indonesia has so far revolved around three main themes, namely: the home of his arrival, the carrier, and time of arrival. It is also noteworthy is the dimension of the process of initial and continued interaction between Islam and construct the following local residents or religious beliefs that have been there before.
Regarding the place of origin that touches the arrival of Islam Indonesia, among historians there are several opinions. Ahmad Mansur Suryanegara mengikhtisarkannya into three major theories: First, the theory of Gujarat. Islam is believed to come from the territory of Gujarat - India through an Indian Muslim traders around the 13th century AD Second, the theory of Makkah. Islam arrived in Indonesia believed direct services from the Middle East through Arab traders Muslims around the 7th century AD Third, the theory of Persia. Islam arrived in Indonesia through the role of Persian traders who on his way home stopped by the Gujarat prior to the archipelago around the 13th century AD
The theory was if explored further in fact have varied opinions are quite diverse. Related to the theory that Islam in Indonesia comes from the Indian subcontinent, for example, was the historian is not one word about the Gujarat region. Pijnappel opinion which is also supported by C. Snouck Hurgronje, J.P. Moquette, E.O. Winstedt, B.J.O. Schrieke, and others that are different to that put forward by the SQ Fatimi and G.E. Morison. Fatimi epigrafis states that evidence of graves believed to be imported from Cambay - Gujarat actually form and its style was more similar to a headstone that come from Bengal. While Morison more believe that Islam in Indonesia started from the Coromandel coast. Because according to him, during the Islamization of the Indian empire in which the first king (Malik al-Salih) died in 1297 AD, when the Gujarat remains a Hindu kingdom. Just a year later, the rule of Islam conquered Gujarat. If Islam comes from there, of course, Islam has become an established and growing religion in the place. The evidence epigrafis from Gujarat or Bengal, not necessarily indicate that the religion of Islam was also 'imported' from the same place.
While the theory of Islamic Indonesia comes directly from Makkah (among others raised by TW Arnold and Crawford) is written based on some facts from some Chinese travelers around the 7th century AD, which at that time Islam has become a dominant force in the East-West trade , that turns on the coast of Sumatra has been no Muslim community of Arab traders who among them do the marriage with local women. There is also a book 'Aja'ib al-Hind al-Ramhurmuzi written around the year 1000 AD, said that the Muslim traders had visited many times that the kingdom of Srivijaya. And in the region has grown even then the local Muslim community. While variations of other opinions proposed by Keijzer that comes from the Egyptian Islamic country based on similarity madhhab (Shafi). While Niemann and de Hollander Islamic theory archipelago comes from the Hadramaut (Yemen region).
Persian theory advanced by some historians in Indonesia appears to be less popular than previous theories. In this context interesting if the opinion Naguib al-Attas, a supporter of the Arab theory, presented as a comparison. In reviewing the Islamic nation, al-Attas are more interested in basing his argument on the evidence of conceptual and literature, than the evidence epigrafis as previous thinkers. In the "general theory of the Islamization of the archipelago" it is al-Attas said that the internal characteristics of Islam in the archipelago are more likely to come directly from Arabic. From the literature of Islam that circulate in the archipelago before the 17th century AD, not one was an Indian author. Even some writers who believed some Western scholars as originating from India or Persia, when examined was derived from the Arabic ethnic or cultural good. As for evidence epigrafis Moquette, al-Attas said no, and stated that the emergence of tombstones from India was only because of the proximity of the location only (in the context of trade).
Next on the process of Islamization of the archipelago, is interesting to note some of the following opinion: First, the theory of marriage. There is an opinion stating that the success of the Islamization of the archipelago more because of the role of Muslim traders. Illustrated, that while trade they also spread Islam. Among them a way to do marriage with local women that resulted in the conversion of religion and formed the locus-locus of the local Muslim community. Furthermore, they also tried to marry a noble woman with a child hope their children will obtain political power that can be used to spread the religion of Islam. In line with this thinking, J.C. van Leur raised the economic and political motives in matters of conversion of the population or local authorities in the archipelago. According to him, the native rulers who wish to enter and expand in international trade at the time stretching from the Red Sea to Sea Chinese would tend to accept Islam because of the dominance of Muslim forces in the sector. In addition also to shield themselves from the networking power of Majapahit.
This theory was criticized by A.H. Johns, which he said, should be doubted that the traders will be able to out-Muslim local population in significant numbers. Did not suspected that they had been present since the 7th century or the 8th AD in the archipelago, but in fact, a significant Islamization actually appear in the vicinity of the 12th century AD Johns then filed his Sufi theory. According to him, the Islamization of the archipelago successfully driven more by the role of the Sufi wanderers who is the orientation of his life devoted to the spread of Islam. And in times of conversion massifikasi Sufi Islam that many present in the archipelago. Johns in elaborating his theory also take ideas on how marriage with descendants of local authorities to support the process of Islamization. As for other opinions expressed by Schrieke that the driving factors that cause large waves to Islam in the archipelago is the threat of colonial rule and aggressive Christian gospel mission seems difficult to accept, because in recorded history that the Christian Western nation came in a new country circa 1500's. While the Islamization of the archipelago has been going on long before that is significantly since the 12th century or the 13 M.
Finally, let's be listened to several conclusions put forward by Azyumardi Azra following: "First, Islam was taken directly from Arabia; both, Islam was introduced by teachers and announcer" professionals "- those who are specifically intended to spread Islam; third, the first first convert to Islam are the rulers, and the fourth, most of the disseminator of Islam "professional" is coming to the archipelago in the 12th century and 13th. "So by considering the various descriptions above, it can be stated that perhaps the true Islam has indeed been introduced since the beginning of the first centuries AH (about the 7th century AD), but significantly accelerated the spread of Islam just happened around the 12th century AD and subsequent periods.
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